危險(xiǎn)化學(xué)品兼具有毒、有害、易燃、易爆屬性，存儲(chǔ)環(huán)節(jié)的一絲疏漏，都可能引發(fā)致命安全事故。天津港“8·12”特別重大火災(zāi)爆炸事故，就因危化品存儲(chǔ)違規(guī)造成165人遇難、直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失68.66億元，慘痛教訓(xùn)警示我們：危化品庫(kù)的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)與儲(chǔ)存管理，必須嚴(yán)守規(guī)范、零容忍。今天就結(jié)合GB 55037-2022《建筑防火通用規(guī)范》，搭配實(shí)打?qū)嵉臄?shù)據(jù)，跟大伙嘮透危化品庫(kù)層數(shù)及平面布置的核心要求，筑牢安全防線。

　　Dangerous chemicals have toxic, harmful, flammable, and explosive properties, and even a slight negligence in storage can lead to fatal safety accidents. The "8.12" major fire and explosion accident in Tianjin Port resulted in 165 deaths and direct economic losses of 6.866 billion yuan due to illegal storage of hazardous chemicals. This painful lesson reminds us that the planning, design, and storage management of hazardous chemical warehouses must strictly adhere to regulations and have zero tolerance. Today, based on GB 55037-2022 "General Code for Building Fire Protection" and solid data, we will discuss with everyone the core requirements for the number of floors and layout of hazardous chemical warehouses, and build a strong safety defense line.

　　先明確核心底線：危化品庫(kù)的層數(shù)管控是第一道安全關(guān)卡，絕非可靈活調(diào)整的細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)GB 55037-2022第4.2.5條規(guī)定，甲、乙類(lèi)倉(cāng)庫(kù)及儲(chǔ)存丙類(lèi)可燃液體的倉(cāng)庫(kù)，必須采用單多層建筑，嚴(yán)禁建設(shè)高層建筑——這類(lèi)危化品火災(zāi)蔓延速度快、爆炸威力大，高層建筑疏散難度增加80%，且救援作業(yè)受限，一旦發(fā)生事故，傷亡損失會(huì)翻倍。數(shù)據(jù)顯示，違規(guī)建設(shè)高層危化品庫(kù)的事故發(fā)生率，是單多層倉(cāng)庫(kù)的3.2倍，全程嚴(yán)守層數(shù)要求是安全前提。

　　First, clarify the core bottom line: the level control of hazardous chemical warehouses is the first safety checkpoint, and it is not a detail that can be flexibly adjusted. According to Article 4.2.5 of GB 55037-2022, Class A and Class B warehouses, as well as warehouses storing Class C flammable liquids, must use single story and multi story buildings, and it is strictly prohibited to construct high-rise buildings - these hazardous chemicals have a fast spread of fire, high explosive power, an 80% increase in evacuation difficulty in high-rise buildings, and limited rescue operations. Once an accident occurs, the casualties and losses will double. The data shows that the accident rate of illegally constructing high-rise hazardous chemical warehouses is 3.2 times higher than that of single and multi story warehouses, and strictly adhering to the layer requirements throughout the entire process is a safety prerequisite.

　　防火分區(qū)與防火墻分隔，是遏制事故擴(kuò)散的關(guān)鍵，不同類(lèi)別危化品的分隔要求差異顯著。規(guī)范第4.2.6條明確，倉(cāng)庫(kù)內(nèi)防火分區(qū)或庫(kù)房之間，必須用防火墻分隔；其中甲、乙類(lèi)倉(cāng)庫(kù)的防火分區(qū)的防火墻，需做到無(wú)任何開(kāi)口，杜絕火焰、有毒氣體通過(guò)縫隙蔓延。實(shí)操中，甲類(lèi)危化品單個(gè)防火分區(qū)最大允許建筑面積不超過(guò)2500㎡，設(shè)置自動(dòng)滅火系統(tǒng)可翻倍，而乙類(lèi)倉(cāng)庫(kù)單個(gè)防火分區(qū)最大面積可達(dá)5000㎡，違規(guī)擴(kuò)大分區(qū)會(huì)讓火災(zāi)蔓延速度提升4倍以上。

　　The separation between fire compartments and firewalls is the key to curbing the spread of accidents, and the separation requirements for different categories of hazardous chemicals vary significantly. According to Article 4.2.6 of the regulations, fire compartments within warehouses or between warehouses must be separated by firewalls; The firewalls in the fire compartments of Class A and Class B warehouses must have no openings to prevent flames and toxic gases from spreading through gaps. In practice, the maximum allowable building area for a single fire protection zone for Class A hazardous chemicals does not exceed 2500 square meters, and the installation of an automatic fire extinguishing system can double it. However, the maximum area for a single fire protection zone for Class B warehouses can reach 5000 square meters. Unauthorized expansion of zones can increase the spread of fire by more than four times.

　　輔助用房的布置規(guī)范，更是藏著不可忽視的安全細(xì)節(jié)，三類(lèi)倉(cāng)庫(kù)的要求各有側(cè)重。根據(jù)規(guī)范第4.2.7條，所有危化品倉(cāng)庫(kù)內(nèi)，都嚴(yán)禁設(shè)置員工宿舍及與庫(kù)房運(yùn)行管理無(wú)直接關(guān)聯(lián)的用房，這類(lèi)違規(guī)布置在中小危化品企業(yè)中占比約12%，是引發(fā)人員傷亡的重要誘因——一旦發(fā)生泄漏、爆炸，宿舍及無(wú)關(guān)用房人員疏散不及時(shí)，傷亡概率會(huì)大幅提升。

　　The layout standards of auxiliary rooms also contain important safety details that cannot be ignored, and the requirements for the three types of warehouses have their own emphasis. According to Article 4.2.7 of the regulations, it is strictly prohibited to set up employee dormitories and buildings that are not directly related to warehouse operation and management in all hazardous chemical warehouses. Such illegal arrangements account for about 12% of small and medium-sized hazardous chemical enterprises and are an important cause of casualties. Once a leak or explosion occurs, if personnel in dormitories and unrelated buildings are not evacuated in a timely manner, the probability of casualties will increase significantly.

　　甲、乙類(lèi)倉(cāng)庫(kù)的管控最為嚴(yán)格，不僅嚴(yán)禁在庫(kù)內(nèi)設(shè)置辦公室、休息室等輔助用房，更不允許與這類(lèi)用房及其他場(chǎng)所貼鄰。這類(lèi)危化品多為易燃易爆、劇毒品類(lèi)，如氰化鈉、硝酸銨等，哪怕是微小的火花或人員活動(dòng)，都可能引發(fā)事故，數(shù)據(jù)顯示，甲、乙類(lèi)倉(cāng)庫(kù)違規(guī)設(shè)置辦公室的事故，死亡率高達(dá)75%以上，全程零違規(guī)布置是底線中的底線。

　　The control of Class A and Class B warehouses is the strictest, and it is not only strictly prohibited to set up auxiliary rooms such as offices and rest rooms inside the warehouse, but also not allowed to be adjacent to such rooms and other places. These types of hazardous chemicals are mostly flammable, explosive, and highly toxic, such as sodium cyanide, ammonium nitrate, etc. Even small sparks or human activities can cause accidents. Data shows that accidents caused by illegal office settings in Class A and B warehouses have a mortality rate of over 75%, and zero violations throughout the entire process are the bottom line.

　　丙、丁類(lèi)倉(cāng)庫(kù)雖可設(shè)置辦公室、休息室等輔助用房，但需滿足嚴(yán)苛的分隔要求，缺一不可。必須采用耐火極限不低于2小時(shí)的防火隔墻、耐火極限不低于1小時(shí)的樓板，搭配防火門(mén)、防火窗實(shí)現(xiàn)全封閉分隔，同時(shí)輔助用房需設(shè)置獨(dú)立安全出口，嚴(yán)禁與庫(kù)房共用疏散通道。實(shí)測(cè)顯示，未達(dá)標(biāo)分隔的丙類(lèi)倉(cāng)庫(kù)，火災(zāi)時(shí)輔助用房被引燃的概率達(dá)90%，規(guī)范分隔可將這一概率降至5%以下。

　　Although Class C and Class D warehouses can be equipped with auxiliary rooms such as offices and rest rooms, they must meet strict separation requirements and are indispensable. Fire resistant partition walls with a fire resistance limit of not less than 2 hours and floor slabs with a fire resistance limit of not less than 1 hour must be used to achieve fully enclosed separation with fire doors and windows. At the same time, independent safety exits must be set up in auxiliary rooms, and it is strictly prohibited to share evacuation routes with warehouses. Actual testing shows that in Class C warehouses that do not meet the standard for separation, the probability of auxiliary rooms being ignited during a fire is 90%. Standardized separation can reduce this probability to below 5%.

　　除了核心規(guī)范，還有幾點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)需嚴(yán)守，進(jìn)一步規(guī)避安全隱患。危化品庫(kù)需選址在城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃區(qū)邊緣或相對(duì)獨(dú)立的安全地帶，與居民區(qū)、公共設(shè)施的安全距離不小于50米，甲類(lèi)危化品庫(kù)需擴(kuò)大至100米以上；倉(cāng)庫(kù)周邊需設(shè)置可供消防車(chē)通行的道路，寬度不小于4米，保障救援車(chē)輛快速抵達(dá)；同時(shí)嚴(yán)禁在庫(kù)內(nèi)堆放無(wú)關(guān)物品，違規(guī)堆放會(huì)讓火災(zāi)撲救難度增加60%，還可能引發(fā)二次危險(xiǎn)。

　　In addition to the core specifications, there are several details that need to be strictly observed to further avoid security risks. The hazardous chemical warehouse should be located on the edge of the urban planning area or in a relatively independent safe zone, with a safe distance of not less than 50 meters from residential areas and public facilities. The Class A hazardous chemical warehouse should be expanded to over 100 meters; A road with a width of no less than 4 meters should be set up around the warehouse for fire trucks to pass through, ensuring that rescue vehicles can arrive quickly; At the same time, it is strictly prohibited to stack unrelated items in the warehouse. Unauthorized stacking can increase the difficulty of firefighting by 60% and may also cause secondary hazards.

　　從行業(yè)現(xiàn)狀來(lái)看，違規(guī)存儲(chǔ)仍是主要安全隱患，約80%的危化品存儲(chǔ)事故，都源于未嚴(yán)格遵守GB 55037-2022規(guī)范，要么違規(guī)建設(shè)高層倉(cāng)庫(kù)，要么防火墻存在開(kāi)口，要么輔助用房布置不合規(guī)。這些看似微小的違規(guī)，一旦疊加危化品的高危屬性，就可能釀成無(wú)法挽回的悲劇，不僅造成巨額經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，還會(huì)觸犯法律，相關(guān)責(zé)任人需承擔(dān)刑事責(zé)任。

　　From the current situation of the industry, illegal storage is still the main security hazard. About 80% of hazardous chemical storage accidents stem from failure to strictly comply with the GB 55037-2022 standard, either by illegally constructing high-rise warehouses, having openings in firewalls, or non compliant layout of auxiliary buildings. These seemingly minor violations, once combined with the high-risk attributes of hazardous chemicals, may lead to irreparable tragedies, causing not only huge economic losses but also violating the law, and the relevant responsible persons shall bear criminal responsibility.

　　總結(jié)來(lái)說(shuō)，危化品庫(kù)的層數(shù)與平面布置，每一項(xiàng)規(guī)范都源于慘痛教訓(xùn)，每一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)都彰顯安全底線。嚴(yán)守單多層建設(shè)要求、規(guī)范防火墻分隔、杜絕違規(guī)設(shè)置輔助用房，既是落實(shí)GB 55037-2022規(guī)范的硬性要求，也是防范68億+經(jīng)濟(jì)損失、守護(hù)人員安全的關(guān)鍵。唯有全程零違規(guī)、細(xì)節(jié)不松懈，才能讓危化品存儲(chǔ)遠(yuǎn)離隱患，兼顧生產(chǎn)安全與公共安全，筑牢危化品管控的第一道防線。

　　In summary, the number of floors and layout of hazardous chemical warehouses, as well as every standard, are derived from painful lessons, and every data reflects the safety bottom line. Strictly adhering to the requirements of single and multi story construction, standardizing firewall separation, and eliminating the illegal setting of auxiliary rooms are not only the mandatory requirements for implementing the GB 55037-2022 standard, but also the key to preventing over 6.8 billion economic losses and safeguarding personnel safety. Only with zero violations throughout the entire process and meticulous attention to detail can hazardous chemical storage be kept away from hidden dangers, balancing production safety and public safety, and building the first line of defense for hazardous chemical control.

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